AS

Cells

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Biological molecules

Microscopes

Light vs electron microscope
Magnification calculation
Cell fractionation

Mitosis

Interphase
Chromosome structure
Mitosis

Cell membranes

Phospholipid bilayer
Fluid mosaic model
Membrane fluidity

Cellular transport

Diffusion + Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Factors affecting diffusion
Active transport

Adaptive immunity

Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
WBC production & maturation site

Antibodies

What they are
Structure
Function

HIV

Structure of HIV
How HIV replicates
Monoclonal antibodies

Carbohydrates

Monomers + polymers
Monosaccharides + polysaccharides
Calorimetry

Lipids

Triglycerides vs phospholipids
Fatty acids
Emulsion test

Enzyme inhibitors

Competitive inhibitors
Non-competitive inhibitors
Effect on rate of reactions

DNA replication

Semi-conservative replication
Discovery of DNA
Nitrogen experiment

Eukaryotic cells

Multicellular organisation
Organelles in eukaryotic cells
Organelles in plant cells

Prokaryotic cells

Organelles in prokaryotic cells
Gram positive and negative bacteria
Staining

Viruses

Virus structure
Viral replication
Viral infection

Immune system

Types of white blood cells and their function
Physical barriers
Non-specific immune responses
Phagocytosis

Immune response

Primary immune response
Clonal selection + expansion
Secondary immune response

Vaccines

How vaccines work
Types of vaccines
Types of immunity

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Proteins

Amino acid structure
Proteins structure
Biuret test

Enzymes

Types of enzymes
Activation energy
Limiting factors

Nucleic acids

Nucleotide structure
DNA vs RNA
Discovery of DNA

ATP & Water

Structure of ATP
Hydrogen bonding
Properties of water

Exam boards covered: AQA, OCR A, OCR B, Edexcel A, Edexcel (salters) B, WJEC, CIE

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